Process for the preparation of antiparasitic agents

ABSTRACT

The invention provides novel compounds having the formula:     &lt;IMAGE&gt;  (I)  wherein R when taken individually is H; R1 when taken individually is H or OH; R and R1 when taken together represent a double bond; R2 is an alpha-branched C3-C8 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkylthioalkyl group; a C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C8 cycloalkenyl or C5-C8 cycloalkylalkyl group, any of which may be substituted by methylene or one or more C1-C4 alkyl groups or halo atoms; or a 3 to 6 membered oxygen or sulphur containing heterocyclic ring which may be substituted by one or more C1-C4 alkyl groups or halo atoms; R3 is hydrogen or methyl; R4 is H or 4&#39;-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy with the proviso that when R2 is alkyl it is not isopropyl or sec-butyl; when R4 is H, each of R and R1 is H, and R2 is not methyl or ethyl; and when R4 is H, R is H, R1 is OH, and R2 is not 2-buten-2-yl, 2-penten-2-yl or 4-methyl-2-penten-2-yl. The compounds are broad spectrum antiparasitic agents having utility as anthelmintics, ectoparasiticides, insecticides and acaricides. The invention also provides a process for producing the novel avermectin and milbemycin derivatives by adding a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof to a fermentation of an avermectin or milbemycin producing organism.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/786,862, filed Nov. 1, 1991, now abandoned, which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 07/142,888, filed Jan. 11, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,480, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 886,867, filed Jul. 16, 1986, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to antiparasitic agents and in particular to compounds related to the avermectins and milbemycins but having a novel substituent group at the 25-position and to a process for their preparation.

2. Description of the Prior Art

The avermectins are a group of broad spectrum antiparasitic agents referred to previously as the C-076 compounds. They are produced by fermenting a strain of the microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis ATCC 31267, 31271 or 31272 under aerobic conditions an aqueous nutrient medium containing inorganic salts and assimilable sources of carbon and nitrogen. The morphological and cultural properties of the strains ATCC 31267, 31271 and 31272 are described in detail in British Patent Specification No. 1573955 which also describes the isolation and the chemical structure of the eight individual components which make up the C-076 complex. The milbemycins are structurally related macrolide antibiotics lacking the sugar residues at the 13-position. They are produced by fermentation, for example as described in British Patent Specification No. 1390336 and European Patent Application Publication No. 0170006.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have now discovered that by adding certain specified carboxylic acids, or derivatives thereof, to the fermentation of an avermectin producing organism it is possible to obtain novel compounds, related to the avermectins but having an unnatural substituent group at the 25-position in place of the isopropyl or sec-butyl group which is normally present. The novel compounds are highly active antiparasitic agents having particular utility as anthelmintics, ectoparasiticides, insecticides and acaricides.

Thus, according to one aspect of the invention there is provided a process for producing a novel avermectin derivative having an unnatural substituent group at the 25-position which comprises adding a carboxylic acid, or a salt, ester or amide thereof or oxidative precursor therefor, to a fermentation of an avermectin producing organism, and isolating the novel avermectin derivative.

Conventional chemical transformation reactions can be used to prepare further derivatives from these compounds. Thus, according to a further aspect of the invention there are provided compounds having the formula: ##STR2## wherein R when taken individually is H; when taken R¹ when taken individually is H or OH; R and R¹ when taken together represent a double bond;

R² is an alpha-branched C₃ -C₈ alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkylthioalkyl group; a C₅ -C₈ cycloalkylalkyl group wherein the alkyl group is an alpha-branched C₂ -C₅ alkyl group; a C₃ -C₈ cycloalkyl or C₅ -C₈ cycloalkenyl group, either of which may be substituted by methylene or one or more C₁ -C₄ alkyl groups or halo atoms; or a 3 to 6 membered oxygen or sulphur containing heterocyclic ring which may be saturated, or fully or partially unsaturated and which may be substituted by one or more C₁ -C₄ alkyl groups or halo atoms;

R³ is hydrogen or methyl;

R⁴ is H or a 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy group of the formula: ##STR3## with the proviso that when R² is alkyl it is not isopropyl or sec-butyl; when R⁴ is H, each of R and R¹ is H, and R² is not methyl or ethyl; and when R⁴ is H, R is H, R¹ is OH, and R² is not 2-buten-2-yl, 2-penten-2-yl or 4-methyl-2-penten-2-yl.

In the above definition, alkyl groups containing 3 or more carbon atoms may be straight or branched chain. Halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. Alpha-branched means that the carbon atom attached to the 25-ring position is a secondary carbon atom linked to two further carbon atoms. When R² is alkyl of 5 or more carbon atoms, the remainder of the alkyl chain may be straight or branched chain.

Preferred compounds of the formula I are those wherein R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy. Also preferred are compounds of the formula I wherein R² is a C₅ or C₆ cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group which may be substituted by one or more C₁ C₄ alkyl groups, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl being particularly preferred. In another group of preferred compounds R² is cyclobutyl. In a further group of preferred compounds R² is a 5 or 6 membered oxygen or sulphur containing heterocyclic ring, particularly a 3-thienyl or 3-furyl ring, which may be substituted by one or more C₁ -C₄ alkyl groups or halogen atoms. In a yet further group of preferred compounds, R² is a C₃ -C₈ alkylthioalkyl group, particularly a 1-methylthioethyl group.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the invention the compounds of formula I wherein R is H and R¹ is OH or wherein R and R¹ taken together represent a double bond, and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy are prepared by fermenting an avermectin producing organism, such as a strain of the organism Streptomyces avermitilis ATCC 31267, 31271 or 31272, in the presence of the appropriate carboxylic acid of the formula R² CO₂ H, wherein R² is as previously defined, or a salt, ester, or amide thereof or oxidative precursor therefor. The acid is added to the fermentation either at the time of inoculation or at intervals during the fermentation. Production of the compounds of formula (I) may be monitored by removing samples from the fermentation, extracting with an organic solvent and following the appearance of the compound of formula (I) by chromatography, for example using high pressure liquid chromatography. Incubation is continued until the yield of the compound of formula (I) has been maximised, generally for a period of from 4 to 6 days.

A preferred level of each addition of the carboxylic acid or derivative thereof is between 0.05 and 1.0 grams per liter. The best yields of the compounds of formula (I) are obtained by gradually adding the acid to the fermentation, for example by daily additions of the acid or derivative thereof over a period of several days. The acid is preferably added as a salt, such as the sodium or ammonium salt, but may be added as an ester, such as the methyl or ethyl ester or as an amide. Alternative substrates which may be used in the fermentation are derivatives which are oxidative precursors for the carboxylic acids; thus, for example suitable substrates would be aminoacids of the formula R² CH(NH₂)CO₂ H, glyoxylic acids of the formula R² COCO₂ H, methylamine derivatives of the formula R² CH₂ NH₂, substituted lower alkanoic acids of the formula R² (CH₂)_(n) CO₂ H wherein n is 2, 4 or 6, methanol derivatives of the formula R² CH₂ OH or aldehydes of the formula R² CHO, wherein R² is as previously defined. The media used for the fermentation may be a conventional complex media containing assimilable sources of carbon, nitrogen and other trace elements. However we have found that for better results a strain of the organism derived from Streptomyces avermitilis ATCC 31271 which gives improved yields of a compound of formula I when cultured in a semi-defined medium may be used and this has the advantage that crude solvent extracts contain significantly less unwanted material which greatly simplifies the subsequent isolation and purification stages. Such a strain has been deposited with the National Collection of Industrial Bacteria (NCIB) on 19th Jul. 1985 under the accession number NCIB 12121. The morphological and cultural characteristics of this strain are otherwise generally as described in British Patent specification No. 1573955 for strain ATCC 31267.

After fermentation for a period of several days at a temperature preferably in the range of from 24° to 33° C., the fermentation broth is centrifuged or filtered and the mycelial cake is extracted with acetone or methanol. The solvent extract is concentrated and the desired product is then extracted into a water-immiscible organic solvent, such as methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol or methyl isobutyl ketone. The solvent extract is concentrated and the crude product containing the compounds of formula (I) is further purified as necessary by chromatography, for example using preparative reverse phase, high pressure liquid chromatography.

The product is generally obtained as a mixture of the compounds of formula (I) wherein R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl) -alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy, R is H, R¹ is OH or R and R¹ taken together represent a double bond and wherein R³ is H or CH₃ ; however the proportions can vary depending on the particular carboxylic acid employed and the conditions used.

We have found that a broad range of carboxylic acids as defined by R² CO₂ H may be added to the fermentation to yield avermectins having a novel substituent group at the 25-position. Examples of particular acids which may be employed include the following:

2-methylvaleric acid

2-methylpent-4-enoic acid

2-methylthiopropionic acid

2-cyclopropyl propionic acid

cyclobutane carboxylic acid

cyclopentane carboxylic acid

cyclohexane carboxylic acid

cycloheptane carboxylic acid

2-methylcyclopropane carboxylic acid

3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid

and thiophene-3-carboxylic acid

In one particular and preferred aspect of the invention, the fermentation is performed in the presence of cyclopentane carboxylic acid sodium salt to yield predominantly the compound of formula (I) wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is cyclopentyl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy.

In another preferred aspect of the invention, the fermentation is performed in the presence of thiophene-3-carboxylic acid sodium salt to yield predominantly the compound of (I) where R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is thien-3-yl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy.

In a further preferred aspect of the invention the fermentation is performed in the presence of 2-methylthiopropionic acid sodium salt to yield predominantly the compound of formula (I) wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is 1-methylthioethyl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy.

Compounds of the formula (I) wherein the C₂₂₋₂₃ double bond is present may alternatively be prepared from the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein R is H and R¹ is OH by a dehydration reaction. The reaction is performed by first selectively protecting the hydroxyl groups at the 5 and 4" positions, e.g. as the t-butyldimethylsilyloxy acetyl derivative, then reacting with a substituted thiocarbonyl halide, such as (4-methylphenoxy)thiocarbonyl chloride, followed by heating in a high boiling point solvent, e.g. trichlorobenzene, to effect the dehydration. The product is finally deprotected to give the unsaturated compound. These steps together with appropriate reagents and reaction conditions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,335.

The compounds of formula I wherein R³ is H may also be prepared from the corresponding compounds wherein R³ is CH₃ by demethylation. This reaction is achieved by treating the 5-methoxy compound, or a suitably protected derivative thereof, with mercuric acetate and hydrolysing the resulting 3-acetoxy enol ether with dilute acid to give the 5-keto compound. This is then reduced using, for example, sodium borohydride to yield the 5-hydroxy derivative. Appropriate reagents and reaction conditions for these steps are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,209.

The compounds of formula I wherein each of R and R¹ is H can be prepared from the corresponding compound wherein the double bond is present at C₂₂ -C₂₃ by selective catalytic hydrogenation using an appropriate catalyst. For example the reduction may be achieved using tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I) chloride as described in European patent application publication No. 0001689.

The compounds of formula (I) wherein R⁴ is H are prepared from the corresponding compounds wherein R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy by removing the 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrose group by mild hydrolysis with an acid in an aqueous organic solvent to yield the aglycone having a hydroxy group at the 13-position; this is then halogenated, for example by reaction with a benzene sulphonyl halide, to yield the 13-deoxy-13-halo derivative which is finally selectively reduced, for example using tributyltin hydride. In order to avoid unwanted side reactions it is desirable to protect any other hydroxy groups which may be present, for example using a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group. This is then readily removed after the halogenation or reduction step by treatment with methanol containing a trace of acid. All these steps together with appropriate reagents and reaction conditions for their performance are described in European patent application publication No. 0002615.

Compounds of the formula (I) wherein each of R and R⁴ is H and R¹ is either H or OH, may also be prepared by adding the appropriate carboxylic acid, or a salt, ester or amide thereof or oxidative precursor therefor, to a fermentation of a milbemycin producing organism, and isolating the desired milbemycin derivative having an unnatural substituent group at the 25-position. Examples of milbemycin producing organisms include for instance Streptomyces hygroscopicus strain NRRL 5739 as described in British Patent Specification No. 1390336, Streptomyces cyaneogriseus subsp. noncyanogenus NRRL 15773 as described in European patent application publication No. 0170006 and Streptomyces thermoarchaenis NCIB 12015 as described in GB 2166436A.

The compounds of the invention are highly active antiparasitic agents having particular utility as anthelmintics, ectoparasiticides, insecticides and acaricides.

Thus the compounds are effective in treating and preventing a variety of conditions caused by endoparasites including, in particular, helminthiasis which is most frequently caused by a group of parasitic worms described as nematodes and which can cause severe economic losses in swine, sheep, horses and cattle as well as affecting domestic animals and poultry. The compounds are also effective against other nematodes which affect various species of animals including, for example, Dirofilaria in dogs and various parasites such as Ancylostoma, Necator, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Capillaria, Trichuris, Enterobius and parasites which are found in the blood or other tissues and organs such as filiarial worms and the extra intestinal stages of Strongyloides and Trichinella.

The compounds are also of value in treating and preventing ectoparasite infections including in particular arthropod ectoparasites of animals and birds such as ticks, mites, lice, fleas, blowfly, biting insects and migrating dipterous larvae which can affect cattle and horses.

The compounds are also insecticides active against household pests such as the cockroach, clothes moth, carpet beetle and the housefly as well as being useful against insect pests of stored grain and of agricultural plants such as spider mites, aphids, caterpillars and against migratory orthopterans such as locusts.

The compounds of formula (I) are administered as a formulation appropriate to the specific use envisaged and to the particular species of host animal being treated and the parasite or insect involved. For use as an anthelmintic the compounds may be administered orally in the form of a capsule, bolus, tablet or preferably a liquid drench, or alternatively, they may be administered by injection or as an implant. Such formulations are prepared in a conventional manner in accordance with standard veterinary practice. Thus, capsules, boluses or tablets may be prepared by mixing the active ingredient with a suitable finely divided diluent or carrier additionally containing a disintegrating agent and/or binder such as starch, lactose, talc, magnesium stearate, etc. A drench formulation may be prepared by dispersing the active ingredient in an aqueous solution together with dispersing or wetting agents etc. and injectable formulations may be prepared in the form of a sterile solution which may contain other substances, for example, enough salts or glucose to make the solution isotonic with blood. These formulations will vary with regard to the weight of active compound depending on the species of host animal to be treated, the severity and type of infection and the body weight of the host. Generally for oral administration a dose of from about 0,001 to 10 mg per Kg of animal body weight given as a single dose or in divided doses for a period of from 1 to 5 days will be satisfactory but of course there can be instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are indicated and such are within the scope of this invention.

As an alternative the compounds may be administered with the animal feedstuff and for this purpose a concentrated feed additive or premix may be prepared for mixing with the normal animal feed.

For use as an insecticide and for treating agricultural pests the compounds are applied as sprays, dusts, emulsions and the like in accordance with standard agricultural practice.

The invention is illustrated by the following Examples in which Examples 1 to 21 are Examples of the preparation of compounds of the formula (I), Example 22 is an example of a drench formulation and Examples 23 and 24 illustrate the antiparasitic and insecticidal activity of the compounds.

EXAMPLE 1 25-Cyclopentyl-avermectin A2

A suspension of a slope culture of S. avermitilis NCIB 12121 was inoculated into 600 ml of a medium containing lactose (12.0 g), distillers solubles (8.0 g) and yeast extract (3.0 g), contained in a 3 liter flask, and incubated at 28° C. for 3 days. The inoculum was used to inoculate 16 liters of a medium containing soluble starch (640 g), ammonium sulphate (32 g), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (16 g), sodium chloride (16 g), magnesium sulphate 7H₂ O (16 g), calcium carbonate (32 g), soluble yeast extract (6.4 g), ferrous sulphate 7H₂ O (0.016 g), zinc sulphate 7H₂ O (0.016 g) and manganese chloride 4H₂ O (0.016 g), contained in a 20 liter fermenter. The fermentation was incubated at 28° C., with agitation at 250 r.p.m. and aerated at 15 liters per minute. Cyclopentane carboxylic acid sodium salt (1.6 g) was added after 24 hours and again after 48 and 72 hours incubation and the fermentation was continued for 120 hours. After this time the mycelium was removed by filtration and extracted with acetone: 1N-hydrochloric acid (100:1; 3×7 liters). The extract was concentrated to approximately 2 liters under reduced pressure and extracted with methylene chloride (2×5 liters). The methylene chloride extract was concentrated to dryness to give the crude product as a mobile oil which was dissolved in diethyl ether and added to a column of silica gel (1 kg). The column was eluted with diethyl ether collecting 100 ml fractions. Fractions 20-40 were combined and the solvent evaporated to yield partially purified material. The product was dissolved in a mixture of methanol and water (4:1) and chromatographed on a C18 Micro-Bondapack column (50 mm×50 cm) in a Waters Prep 500 high pressure liquid chromatograph using the same solvent at a flow rate of 100 ml per minute. Fractions 35 to 50 containing the desired product were combined and rechromatographed on a C18 Zorbax ODS (Trademark, Dupont) column (21 mm×25 cm) eluting with a mixture of methanol and water (4:1) at a flow rate of 9 ml per minute. The relevant fractions were combined and the solvent evaporated to yield the compound of formula (I) wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is cyclopentyl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy as a white powder, m.p. 150.5°-151° C. The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry and by C13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)₊ observed at m/e 939 (theoretical 939).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 335, 317, 275, 257, 251, 233, 205, 181, 179, 145, 127, 113, 111, 95 and 87.

The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data were obtained on a Brucker Model WM-250 spectrometer with a sample concentration of 20 mg/ml in deuterochloroform. The chemical shifts in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane were: 14.1, 15.3, 17.8, 18.5, 19.9, 20.3, 24.6 25.9, 26.2, 29.3, 34.4 (2C), 34.7, 36.7, 37.8, 39.8, 40.5, 41.0, 41.3, 45.8, 56.4, 56.6, 57.8, 67.4, 67.6, 68.0, 68.3, 68.7, 69.9, 70.5, 76.0, 77.6 (2C), 78.3, 79.5, 80.7 (2C), 81.8, 94.9, 98.7, 99.8, 117.7, 118.5, 119.8, 125.0,135. 8,136.3, 137.8, 140.1 and 173.8.

EXAMPLE 2

A suspension of a slope culture of S. avermitilis ATCC 31271 was inoculated into 50 ml of a medium containing lactose (1.0 g), distillers solubles (0.75 g) and yeast extract (0.25 g), contained in a 350 ml flask, and incubated at 28° C. for 3 days. This inoculum 4 ml) was used to inoculate each of 50 flasks containing 50 ml of medium containing corn starch (2.0 g), soya flour (0.35 g) and yeast extract (0.25 g) contained in a 350 ml flask, and the flasks were incubated at 28° C.

After 24 hours, cyclopentane carboxylic acid sodium salt (5 mg) was added to each flask and incubation was continued for a further 5 days. After this time the contents of the flasks were bulked and the mycelium separated by centrifugation. The mycelium was extracted with acetone: 1N-hydrochloric acid (100:1) and the acetone extract concentrated to dryness. The extract was analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography and was shown to contain a product identical with the product of Example 1.

EXAMPLE 3

An inoculum was prepared as described in Example 1 and used to inoculate 50 ml of the medium as used in Example 1, contained in 350 ml flasks. After incubation for 24 hours, 2-aminocyclopentyl acetic acid (cyclopentylglycine) (5 mg) was added and the fermentation was continued for a further 5 days. The product was recovered by extraction of the mycelium with acetone and methylene chloride. The extract was analyzed by HPLC which indicated that the product contained a compound identical to the product of Example 1.

EXAMPLE 4

The conditions of Example 3 were followed except that cyclopentyl methanol was used as substrate with similar results.

EXAMPLE 5

The conditions of Example 3 were followed except that the methyl ester of cyclopentane carboxylic acid, dissolved in methanol, was used as substrate with similar results.

EXAMPLE 6

The conditions of Example 3 were followed except that cyclopentane carboxylic acid, dissolved in methanol was used as substrate with similar results.

EXAMPLE 7 25- (Thien-3-yl) avermectin

A suspension of a slope culture of S. avermitilis NCIB 12121 was inoculated into 600 ml of a medium containing lactose (12.0 g), distillers solubles (8.0 g) and yeast extract (3.0 g) , contained in a 3 liter flask, and incubated at 28° C. for 3 days. The inoculum was used to inoculate 16 liters of a medium containing soluble starch (640 g), ammonium sulphate (32 g) , dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (16 g) , sodium chloride (16 g) , magnesium sulphate 7H₂ O (16 g), calcium carbonate (32 g), soluble yeast extract (6.4 g), ferrous sulphate 7H₂ O (0.016 g), zinc sulphate 7H₂ O (0.016 g) and manganese chloride 4H₂ O (0.016 g), contained in a 20 liter fermenter. The fermentation was incubated at 28° C., with agitation at 250 r.p.m. and aerated at 15 liters per minute. Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid sodium salt (1.6 g) was added after 24 hours and again after 48 and 72 hours incubation and the fermentation was continued for 120 hours. After this time the mycelium was removed by filtration and extracted with acetone: 1N-hydrochloric acid (100:1; 3×7 liters). The extract was concentrated to approximately 2 liters under reduced pressure and extracted with methylene chloride (2×5 liters). The methylene chloride extract was concentrated to dryness to give the crude product as a mobile oil which was dissolved in diethyl ether and added to a column of silica gel (1 kg). The column was eluted with diethyl ether collecting 200 ml fractions. Fractions 32-45 were combined and the solvent evaporated to yield partially purified material. The product was dissolved in a mixture of methanol and water (3:1) and chromatographed on a C18 Micro-Bondapack column (50 mm×50 cm) in a Waters Prep 500 high pressure liquid chromatograph using the same solvent at a flow rate of 100 ml per minute. Fractions 27 to 36 containing the desired product were combined and rechromatographed on a C18 Zorbax ODS (Trademark, Dupont) column (21 mm×25 cm) eluting with a mixture of methanol and water (3:1) at a flow rate of 9 ml per minute. The relevant fractions were combined and the solvent evaporated to yield the compound of formula (I) wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is thien-3-yl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl) -alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy as a white powder, m.p. 167° C. The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)⁺ observed at m/e 953 (theoretical 953).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 349, 331, 275, 265, 257, 247, 237, 219, 195, 145, 127, 113, 95 and 87.

EXAMPLE 8

A vegetative cell suspension of S. avermitilis NCIB 12121, held at -60° C. in 10% v/v aqueous (2 ml) glycerol was inoculated into 50 ml of medium containing lactose (1.0 g), distillers solubles (0.75 g) and yeast extract (0.25 g) contained in a 300 ml conical flask and incubated at 28° C. for 24 hours, with shaking. The inoculum was then added to 600 ml of the above medium contained in a 3 liter flask and the mixture was incubated at 28° C. for 24 hours with shaking. The product was used to inoculate 10 liters of the above medium contained in a 16 liter fermenter which was incubated at 28° C. for 24 hours at an agitation speed of 350 r.p.m. with aeration at 10 liters of air per minute. This fermentation (600 ml) was used to inoculate 16 liters of a medium containing partially hydrolysed starch (640 g) ammonium sulphate (32 g), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (16 g), sodium chloride (16 g) magnesium sulphate 7H₂ O (16 g) , calcium carbonate (32 g), soluble yeast extract (6.4 g) , ferrous sulphate 7H₂ O (0,016 g) , zinc sulphate 7H₂ O (0.016 g) , and manganese chloride 4H₂ O (0.016 g), contained in a 20 liter fermenter. The fermentation was incubated at 28° C., with agitation at 350 r.p.m. and aerated at 15 liters per minute. Cyclobutane carboxylic acid sodium salt (1.6 g) was added after 24 hours and again after 48 and 72 hours incubation and the fermentation was continued for 120 hours. After this time the mycelium was removed by filtration and extracted with acetone (3×7 liters). The extract was concentrated to approximately 2 liters under reduced pressure and extracted with methylene chloride (2×5 liters). The methylene chloride was concentrated to dryness to give the crude product as a mobile oil. This was taken up in iso-octane (150 ml) and the solution extracted with a mixture of methanol (95 ml) and water (5 ml). Evaporation of the methanolic extract gave partially purified material which was separated into its individual components by high pressure liquid chromatography as follows: The residue was dissolved in a little methanol and chromatographed in a C18 Micro-Bondapack column (50 mm×50 cm) in a Waters Prep 500 high pressure liquid chromatograph using a mixture of methanol/water (4:1) at a flow rate of 100 ml per minute. Fractions 1 to 4 were combined and used in Example 9, fractions 5 to 9 were combined and used in Example 10, fractions 10 to 19 were combined and used in Example 11 and fractions 20 to 35 were combined and used in Example 12.

EXAMPLE 9 25-Cyclobutyl-avermectin B2

(R¹ ═OH, R and R³ ═H)

The combined fractions 1 to 4 from Example 8 were evaporated to dryness and the residue was rechromatographed on a C18 Zorbax ODS (Trademark, Dupont) column (21 mm×25 cm) eluting with a mixture of methanol and water (3:1) at a flow rate of 9 ml per minute. The relevant fractions were combined, the solvent evaporated and the product subjected to a final purification on a Silica Spherisorb 5 micron (Trademark, HPLC Technology) column (10.5 mm×25 cm) eluting with a mixture of methylene chloride and methanol (98:2) at a flow rate of 4 ml per minute. The relevant fractions were combined and the solvent evaporated to yield the compound of formula (I) wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is cyclobutyl, R³ is H and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-L-oleandrosyloxy, as a white powder, m.p. 110°-112° C. The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)⁺ observed at m/e 911 (theoretical 911).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 321, 303, 261, 257, 237, 219, 209, 191, 179, 167, 145, 127, 113, 111, 95 and 87.

EXAMPLE 10 25-Cyclobutyl-avermectin A2

(R¹ ═OH, R═H, R³ ═CH₃)

The combined fractions 5 to 9 from Example 8 were evaporated to dryness and the residue was rechromatographed twice on a C18 Zorbax ODS (Trademark, Dupont) column, (21 mm×25 cm) eluting with a methanol and water mixture (77:23) at a flow rate of 9 ml per minute. Suitable fractions were combined and evaporated to yield the compound of formula (I) wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is cyclobutyl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-L-oleandrosyloxy, as a white powder, m.p. 135°-140° C.

The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)⁺ observed at m/e 925 (theoretical 925).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 596, 454, 321, 303, 275, 237, 219, 209, 191, 179, 167, 145, 127, 113, 111, 95 and 87.

EXAMPLE 11 25-Cyclobutyl-avermectin B1 (R and R¹ taken together═Double bond, R³ ═H)

The combined fractions 10 to 19 from Example 8 were evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in methanol and chromatographed on a C18 Zorbax ODS (Trademark, Dupont) column, (21 mm×25 cm) eluting with a mixture of methanol and water (4:1) at a flow rate of 9 ml per minute. The relevant fractions were combined and the solvent evaporated to give a product which was rechromatographed on a Silica Zorbax SIL (Trademark, Dupont) column (21 mm×25 cm) eluting with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (98.5:1.5) at a flow rate of 9 ml per minute. The relevant fractions were combined and the solvent evaporated to yield the compound of formula (I) wherein R and R¹ taken together represent a double bond, R² is cyclobutyl, R³ is H and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-L-oleandrosyloxy, as a white powder, m.p. 135°-138° C.

The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)⁺ observed at m/e 893 (theoretical 893).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 303, 261, 257 , 219 , 191 , 167 , 145 , 127, 113 , 111 , 95 and 87 .

EXAMPLE 12 25-Cyclobutyl-avermectin A1

(R and R¹ taken together═Double bond, R³ ═CH₃)

The combined fractions 20 to 35 from Example 8 were evaporated to dryness and the residue chromatographed on a C18 Zorbax ODS (Trademark, Dupont) column (21 mm×25 cm) at a flow rate of 9 ml per minute. The relevant fractions were combined, the solvent evaporated and the product was rechromatographed on a Silica Sperisorb 5 micron (Trademark, HPLC Technology) column (10.5 mm×25 cm) eluting with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (98.5:1.5) at a flow rate of 4 ml per minute. Combination of the relevant fractions followed by evaporation gave the compound of formula (I) wherein R and R¹ taken together represent a double bond, R² is cyclobutyl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-L-oleandrosyloxy, as a white powder, m.p. 120°-124° C.

The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)⁺ observed at m/e 907 (theoretical 907).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 578, 303, 275, 257, 219, 191, 167, 145, 127, 113, 111, 95 and 87.

EXAMPLE 13 25-(Cyclohex-3-enyl) avermectin A2

The medium and conditions of Example 1 were followed except that 3-cyclohexenoic acid sodium salt was used as the substrate to yield the compound of formula I wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is cyclohex-3-enyl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy, as a white powder, m.p. 131°-5° C.

The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)⁺ observed at m/e 951 (theoretical 951).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 624, 480, 329, 275, 245, 235, 217, 205, 193, 179, 145, 127, 113, 111, 95 and 87.

EXAMPLE 14 25-Cyclohexyl avermectin A2

The medium and conditions of Example 1 were followed except that cyclohexane carboxylic acid sodium salt was used as the substrate to yield the compound of formula I wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is cyclohexyl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy, as a white powder, m.p. 112°-117° C.

The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)⁺ observed at m/e 953 (theoretical 953).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 624, 482, 349, 331, 275, 265, 247, 237, 219, 207, 195, 179, 145, 127, 113, 111, 95 and 87.

EXAMPLE 15 25-(1-Methylthioethyl) avermectin A2

The medium and conditions of Example 1 were followed except that 2-methylthiopropionic acid sodium salt was used as the substrate to yield the compound of formula I wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is 1-methylthioethyl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-L-oleandrosyloxy, as a white powder, m.p. 134°-138° C.

The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)⁺ observed at m/e 945 (theoretical 945).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 341, 323, 275, 263, 257, 239, 211, 187, 179, 145, 127, 113, 111, 95 and 87.

EXAMPLE 16 25-(2-Methylcyclopropyl) avermectin A2

The medium and conditions of Example 1 were followed except that 2-methylcyclopropane carboxylic acid sodium salt was used as the substrate to yield the compound of formula I wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, R² is 2-methylcyclopropyl, R³ is CH₃ and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-L-oleandrosyloxy, as a white powder, m.p. 147°-150° C.

The structure of the product was confirmed by mass spectrometry as follows:

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was performed on a VG Model 7070E mass spectrometer using a sample matrix of triethylene glycol with solid sodium chloride. (M+Na)⁺ observed at m/e 925 (theoretical 925).

Electron impact mass spectrometry was performed using a VG Model 7070F mass spectrometer. The m/e values for the principal fragments were: 596, 454, 303, 275, 237, 219, 209, 191, 179, 167, 145, 127, 113, 111, 95 and 87.

EXAMPLE 17

The procedure of Example 1 was followed but using the sodium salt of the following carboxylic acids as substrate instead of cyclopentane carboxylic acid to yield the appropriate 25-substituted avermectins of formula (I) wherein R is H, R¹ is OH, or R and R¹ taken together represent a double bond, R³ is H or OH and R⁴ is 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy:

2-methylvaleric acid

2,3-dimethylbutyric acid

2-methylhexanoic acid

2-methylpent-4-enoic acid

2-cyclopropyl propionic acid

cycloheptane carboxylic acid

4,4-difluorocyclohexane carboxylic acid

4-methylenecyclohexane carboxylic acid

3-methylcyclohexane carboxylic acid

cyclopentene-1-carboxylic acid

1-cyclohexene carboxylic acid

tetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid and

3-furoic acid

and 2-chloro-thiophene-4-carboxylic acid.

EXAMPLE 18

Repetition of the procedure of Example 17 but using the carboxylic acids (as their sodium salts) enumerated below, the appropriate 25-substituted avermectins characterized in Table I were obtained:

cyclohexane carboxylic acid

cyclohex-3-ene carboxylic acid

cyclopentane carboxylic acid

2-methylpent-3-enoic acid

2-methylpropionic acid

thiophene-3-carboxylic acid

exomethylenecyclohexane carboxylic acid

furan-3-carboxylic acid

2-methylvaleric acid

thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

tetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid

2-methyl-4-methoxybutyric acid

2-methylpent-3-ynoic acid

cyclopent-3-ene carboxylic acid

3,4-dihydropyran-2-carboxylic acid.

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Physical and Spectroscopic Data for Novel C-25 Avermectins                                Sub-     Theoretical                                                                          (M + Na).sup.+  From                                                                    m/e for Principle Fragments                 Substituent (R.sup.2)                                                                     class                                                                              m.p. °C.                                                                     Mol. Wt.                                                                             FAB Mass Spec.                                                                          in the EI Mass. Spec.                       __________________________________________________________________________     Cyclohexyl A1  110-115                                                                             912   935      606, 331, 275, 257, 247,                                                       218, 195, 145, 127, 113,                                                       95 and 87.                                             B1  116-9                                                                               898   921      592, 331, 257, 247, 219,                                                       195, 145, 127, 113, 95                                                         and 87.                                                B2  146-8                                                                               916   939      610, 482, 349, 331, 275,                                                       265, 257, 179, 145, 127,                                                       113, 95 and 87.                                        H.sub.2 B1*                                                                        150 (dec)                                                                           900   923      594, 333, 249, 221, 145,                                                       127, 113, 95 and 87.                        3-Cyclohexenyl                                                                            B1  122-129                                                                             896   919      590, 329, 257, 245, 217,                                                       193, 145, 127, 113, 95                                                         and 87.                                     Cyclopentyl                                                                               B1  158-162                                                                             884   907      578, 468, 317, 257, 233,                                                       205, 145, 127, 113, 95                                                         and 87.                                                B2  158-164                                                                             902   925      596, 468, 335, 317, 257,                                                       251, 233, 179, 145, 127,                                                       113, 95 and 87.                                        H.sub.2 B1*                                                                        145-147                                                                             886   909      580, 319, 257, 207, 145,                                                       127, 113, 95 and 87.                        1-Methylbut-3-enyl                                                                        A2  149-151                                                                             916   939      610, 335, 317, 275, 251,                                                       233, 223, 205, 179, 145,                                                       127, 113, 95 and 87.                                   B1  141-144                                                                             884   907      596, 578, 317, 261, 257,                                                       233, 205, 145, 127, 113,                                                       95 and 87.                                  1-Methylthioethyl                                                                         B1  144-147                                                                             890   913      584, 323, 261, 257, 239,                                                       211, 187, 145, 127, 113,                                                       95 and 87.                                  3-Thienyl  B1  155-165                                                                             898   921      610, 592, 574, 482, 331,                                                       261, 257, 247, 219, 195,                                                       145, 127, 113, 95 and 87.                              B2  175-180                                                                             916   939      610, 331, 257, 249, 234,                                                       219, 179, 145, 127, 113,                                                       95 and 87.                                  Exomethylene-                                                                             B1  161-165                                                                             910   933      604, 343, 261, 259, 231,                    cyclohexyl                         207, 145, 127, 113, 95                                                         and 87.                                     3-Furanyl  A2  148-153                                                                             914   937      333, 315, 275, 257, 249,                                                       231, 221, 203, 179, 145,                                                       127, 113, 95 and 87.                                   B1  145-150                                                                             882   905      576, 315, 261, 257, 231,                                                       203, 179, 145, 127, 113,                                                       95 and 87.                                  1-Methylbutyl                                                                             A1  --   900   923      594, 470, 319, 275, 257,                                                       207, 183, 145, 127, 113,                                                       95 and 87.                                             B1  148-150                                                                             886   909      580, 337, 319, 261, 257,                                                       253, 225, 207, 183, 145,                                                       127, 113, 111, 95 and 87.                   2-Thienyl  B1  152-154                                                                             898   921      592, 331, 257, 247, 219,                                                       195, 145, 127, 113, 95                                                         and 87.                                     4-Tetrahydropyranyl                                                                       A1  175-176                                                                             914   937      608, 333, 275, 249, 221,                                                       197, 145, 127, 113, 95,                                                        and 87.                                                A2  220 (dec)                                                                           932   955      351, 333, 275, 267, 249,                                                       239, 221, 197, 145, 127,                                                       113, 95 and 87.                                        B1  177-183                                                                             900   923      594, 333, 249, 197, 145,                                                       127, 113, 95 and 87.                                   B2  173-178                                                                             918   941      612, 351, 333, 267, 261,                                                       249, 239, 221, 207, 197,                                                       145, 127, 113, 95 and 87.                              H.sub.2 B1*                                                                        160-163                                                                             902   925      486, 335, 269, 261, 257,                                                       251, 223, 199, 145, 127,                                                       113, 95 and 87.                             1-Methyl-3-                                                                               B1  143-150                                                                             902   925      596, 335, 257, 251, 223,                    methoxypropyl                      199, 145, 127, 113, 95                                                         and 87.                                     1-Methylbut-3-ynyl                                                                        B1  95-100                                                                              882   905      576, 466, 315, 261, 257,                                                       231, 203, 179, 145, 127,                                                       113, 95 and 87.                                        B2  107-110                                                                             900   923      594, 466, 333, 315, 261,                                                       257, 249, 231, 221, 203,                                                       179, 145, 127, 113, 95                                                         and 87.                                     3-Cyclopentenyl                                                                           B1  150-152                                                                             882   905      576, 315, 261, 257, 248,                                                       239, 231, 211, 203, 179,                                                       145, 127, 113, 95 and 87.                   3,4-Dihydro-                                                                              A1  130-135                                                                             912   935      331, 275, 257, 247, 219,                    pyran-2-yl                         195, 145, 127, 113, 95                                                         and 87.                                     __________________________________________________________________________      *H.sub.2 B1 = dihydro B1 derivative. Prepared from corresponding B1            derivative by the procedure of Example 20.                               

EXAMPLE 19 25-Cyclobutyl-22,23-dihydro-avermectin B1

The product of Example 11 in benzene is hydrogenated in the presence of tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I) chloride according to the procedure of EP-A-0001689 to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein each of R and R¹ is H. The product of Example 12 is similarly converted to the corresponding dihydro derivative.

EXAMPLE 20 25-Cyclohexyl-22,23-dihydro-avermectin B1

Dry benzene (200 ml) was purged first with a stream of nitrogen, then hydrogen. Tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I) chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst) (665 mg) was then added. The passage of hydrogen was continued until the solution was yellow, and then for a further 10 minutes. 25-Cyclohexyl-avermectin B1 (2.010 g) was then added under a nitrogen blanket, and hydrogen bubbled through the solution for 24 hours. The solution was then evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in methanol (50 ml) and evaporated; this was repeated. The residue was extracted with two portions of a 3:1 ether:hexane mixture (2×100 ml), and filtered. The combined filtrates were evaporated to dryness and chromatographed over silica gel (250 g of 230-900 mesh), eluting with an ether:methanol mixture (9:1). The relevant fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness to give crude product (2.25 g). This was purified using preparative HPLC, in three batches of 750 mg each, on a 42 mm×30 cm Dynamax column, eluting initially with methanol:water (85:15), graduating to methanol:water (83:17) over 15 minutes, at a flow rate of 95 ml/min. Appropriate fractions were pooled and evaporated to give the title compound (1.43 g; 81%) as a white powder, m.p. 150° C. (dec.). (See Table 1 for additional characterizing data.)

EXAMPLE 21 13-Deoxy-25-cyclopentyl-avermectin A2-aglycone

The product of Example 1 is treated with dilute sulphuric acid at room temperature and the resulting aglycone product is isolated and reacted with t-butyldimethylsilylchloride in dimethylformamide to provide the 23-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl aglycone derivative. This is dissolved in methylene chloride containing 4-dimethylaminopyridine and diisopropylethylamine, cooled in ice and treated dropwise with 4-nitrobenzenesulphonylchloride to yield the 13-chloro-13-deoxy product. This is finally dehalogenated by reaction with tributyltinhydride and deprotected with methanol containing a trace of paratoluene sulphonic acid following the procedures described in EP-A-0002615 to provide the compound of the formula I wherein each of R, R ¹ and R⁴ is H, R³ is OH, and R² is cyclopentyl. In like manner, the compounds of Examples 7-10 and 13-20 are converted to the corresponding 13-deoxy derivatives.

EXAMPLE 22 Drench Formulation

The product of any one of the preceding Examples was dissolved in polyethylene glycol (average molecular weight 300) to give a solution containing 400 micrograms/ml for use as a drench formulation.

EXAMPLE 23 Anthelmintic Activity

Anthelmintic activity was evaluated against Caenorhabditis elegans using the in vitro screening test described by K. G. Simpkin and G. L. Coles in Parisitology, 1979, 79, 19. The products of Examples 1, 7 and 9-16 all killed 100% of the worms at a well concentration of 0.1 micrograms per ml.

EXAMPLE 24 Insecticidal Activity

Activity against adult house fly Musca domestica is demonstrated using a standard test procedure in which flies are anaesthetised under carbon dioxide and 0.1 microliters of acetone containing the test compound is deposited on the thorax of female flies. The product of Examples 1, 7 and 9-16 all killed 100% of the treated flies at a dose of 0.01 micrograms per fly. 

We claim:
 1. A process for producing a compound having the formula ##STR4## wherein R when taken individually is H; R¹ when taken individually is OH; R and R¹ when taken together represent a double bond;R² is an alpha-branched C₅ -C₈ alkyl, C₃ -C₈ alkenyl, C₄ -C₈ alkynyl, C₃ -C₈ alkoxyalkyl or C₃ -C₈ alkylthioalkyl group; a C₅ -C₈ cycloalkylalkyl group wherein the alkyl group is an alpha-branched C₂ -C₅ alkyl group; a C₃ -C₈ cycloalkyl or C₅ -C₈ cycloalkenyl group, either of which may be substituted by methylene or one or more C₁ -C₄ alkyl groups or halo atoms; or a 3 to 6 membered oxygen or sulphur containing heterocyclic ring which may be saturated, or fully or partially and which may be substituted by one or more C₁ -C₄ alkyl groups or halo atoms; R³ is hydrogen or methyl; and R⁴ is a 4'-(alpha-L-oleandrosyl)-alpha-L-oleandrosyloxy group of the formula: ##STR5## which comprises fermenting an avermectin producing strain of the organism Streptomyces avermitilis in a medium comprising assimilable sources of carbon, nitrogen and trace elements and in the presence of a carboxylic acid of the formula R² CO₂ H, or a salt, ester or amide thereof or oxidative precursor therefor, wherein R² is as defined above.
 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the organism is Streptomyces avermitilis NCIB
 12121. 3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the organism is Streptomyces avermitilis NCIB
 12121. 4. A process according to claim 1 wherein R² is cyclohexyl. 